The power of the U.S. president to grant pardons has shaped the outcomes of significant legal and political disputes. Provided under Article II of the Constitution, this authority allows the president to offer clemency for federal offenses. Over the years, many famous individuals have benefited from this constitutional provision.

In the 1870s, American firefighters descended from their quarters using spiral staircases or tube chutes. Both were slow in emergencies. One day, a firefighter at Chicago’s Company 21 slid down a wooden hay pole during a call, inspiring Captain David Kenyon to create a permanent pole for faster descents.

On December 2, 1943, German bombers struck the Allied-occupied port of Bari, Italy, in a surprise nighttime raid. The attack sank 17 ships, set the harbor ablaze, and killed over 1,000 people. Amid the chaos, one ship, the SS John Harvey, carried a deadly secret—100 tons of American mustard gas.

In July 1966, the New York Central Railroad unveiled the M-497 Black Beetle, a jet-powered train designed to test high-speed rail capabilities. It was a modified Budd Rail Diesel Car fitted with two surplus General Electric J47 jet engines, originally used in B-36 Peacemaker bombers. The goal was to explore whether existing rail lines could support extremely fast passenger trains without requiring significant upgrades.

The Peel P50, produced from 1962 to 1965 by the Peel Engineering Company on the Isle of Man, holds the Guinness World Record as the smallest production car. Designed as a single-passenger vehicle, it measures just 54 inches long and 39 inches wide, weighing only 130 pounds.

In 1858, Samuel C. Jollie patented a glass ballot box to counter voter fraud, inspired by a 1856 scandal involving a false-bottom box. This innovation allowed bystanders to see ballots being cast and counted, ensuring transparency in elections.

In July 1855, Jane Johnson, an enslaved woman traveling with her sons and their owner, Colonel John Wheeler, found herself in Philadelphia, a city where slavery was illegal. While dining at Bloodgood’s Hotel near the Walnut Street wharf, Johnson whispered to a black worker, “I and my children are slaves, and we want liberty.” The message reached the Vigilance Committee, an abolitionist group, who resolved to act immediately.

Born on February 2, 1983, in Sierra Vista, Arizona, Jessica Cox entered the world without arms due to a rare birth defect. She graduated from the University of Arizona in 2005 with a bachelor’s degree in psychology and a minor in communications.

The South-pointing chariot, an ancient Chinese invention, was a mechanical device used to indicate direction. Developed around the 3rd century CE during the Three Kingdoms period, it was a significant achievement in early engineering.


Rocket mail began as an innovative concept to deliver mail using rockets or missiles, landing with the help of parachutes. Proposed as early as 1810 by Heinrich von Kleist, it became a reality in the 20th century, with various experiments across the globe.