The Great Book Scare: Could Library Books Spread Disease?

A Librarian’s Tragic Death Sparks Fear

In 1895, Jessie Allan, a librarian in Omaha, died of tuberculosis. Her death fueled fears that contaminated library books could spread deadly diseases like tuberculosis and scarlet fever. This panic, known as the “great book scare,” gripped the public in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Experiments and Extreme Measures

During the scare, libraries resorted to disinfecting books using formaldehyde, steam, or even burning them. Some experiments exposed guinea pigs to supposedly infected pages, resulting in deaths that reinforced public fears. Despite this, scientists found little evidence linking books to disease transmission.

Legislation and Public Response

Britain and the U.S. passed laws prohibiting sick individuals from borrowing books, while some libraries suspended lending entirely. Public health campaigns and librarian advocacy gradually calmed fears, though suspicion of books persisted into the 1940s.

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