In June 1936, a shipyard worker named August Landmesser stood among a crowd at the Blohm+Voss shipyard in Hamburg. While hundreds raised their arms in the Nazi salute during the launch of the naval training vessel Horst Wessel, Landmesser stood with his arms crossed, refusing to salute.

In 1947, the U.S. Air Force began experiments to study how the human body withstands extreme deceleration, aiming to improve aircraft safety. Dr. John Stapp volunteered for the high-speed rocket sled tests, experiencing forces no human had endured before.

In April 1961, Soviet surgeon Leonid Rogozov was stationed at the remote Novolazarevskaya research station in Antarctica. At 27 years old, he was the only doctor among the 12-member team.

On March 30, 1867, U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward and Russian envoy Baron Edouard de Stoeckl signed the Treaty of Cession. For $7.2 million, Tsar Alexander II ceded Alaska to the United States, ending Russia’s 125-year presence in North America.

In 1996, Alan Sokal, a physics professor, submitted a nonsensical paper titled “Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity” to the cultural studies journal Social Text. The paper argued that quantum gravity was a social construct and was filled with jargon and flattering references to postmodernist thinkers.

The Speyer Bottle, or Römerwein aus Speyer, was found in 1867 during the excavation of a 4th-century Roman tomb near Speyer, Germany. The bottle, sealed for over 1,600 years, was buried alongside a Roman noble, likely as part of a burial ritual.

During World War I, Adrian de Wiart was shot in the face, losing his left eye and part of his ear. Despite this, he returned to combat and continued leading troops on the battlefield.

On October 23, 1944, Orson Welles lay sick in the Waldorf-Astoria when he received a telegram from President Franklin D. Roosevelt urging him to recover and return to campaigning. Welles, a passionate supporter of Roosevelt, had spent weeks making speeches for the president’s re-election.

In the late 1980s, rumors began circulating in Japan about a so-called “Sony Timer”—an alleged hidden mechanism in Sony products that caused them to stop working after a preset time. Though no evidence ever confirmed this theory, many believed it, making it a common joke in comics and online forums.

Thomas Topham, born in London in 1710, became famous for his extraordinary physical strength. A carpenter by trade, he gained recognition in the early 18th century by performing incredible feats in front of large crowds.