Born in 1892 as Rose Wenger, Helen Gibson became an accomplished horse rider and performer in Wild West shows. Her skills caught the attention of filmmakers, and in 1915 she was cast as a stunt double for actress Helen Holmes in The Hazards of Helen, a popular action series. Gibson eventually took over the lead role, becoming one of the first women to perform dangerous stunts on screen.

Unity Valkyrie Mitford, born into Britain’s aristocratic Mitford family in 1914, developed an early fascination with fascism. At 19, she joined her sister Diana in supporting the British Union of Fascists, and soon became captivated by Adolf Hitler’s ideology.

In the 1920s, Soviet scientist Ilya Ivanov experimented with crossbreeding humans and chimpanzees, hoping to create a “humanzee”—a human-chimp hybrid. Ivanov’s work aimed to investigate evolutionary questions and push the boundaries of genetic science.

In December 1997, Julia “Butterfly” Hill climbed a 200-foot-tall California redwood tree named Luna, intending to stay a few weeks. Hill, a 23-year-old environmental activist, was protesting the logging of ancient redwoods by Pacific Lumber Company.

After her friend Emma Lazarus passed away in 1887, poet and activist Georgina Schuyler came across Lazarus’s poem “The New Colossus.” The poem, written in 1883, had not gained recognition, but Schuyler believed its powerful message about welcoming immigrants to America was needed.

In 1900-1595 B.C.E., a Mesopotamian clay tablet recorded one of history’s earliest known romantic kisses, showing that this gesture of affection has deep roots. This tablet from Sippar, Mesopotamia, contains lines of poetry: “My upper lip becomes moist, while my lower lip trembles! I shall embrace him, I shall kiss him.”

In 2007, doctors in France discovered that a 44-year-old man, who led a relatively ordinary life, was living with a brain that was 90% filled with fluid. Despite this, he remained conscious, challenging scientific understanding. His case was first described in The Lancet and has puzzled scientists ever since.

In 1854, a Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise, named Timothy, was discovered on a Portuguese privateer by Captain John Guy Courtenay-Everard of the Royal Navy. Estimated to be around 10 years old, Timothy went on to serve as a ship mascot in the British navy, witnessing the bombardment of Sevastopol during the Crimean War. She served aboard HMS Queen, HMS Princess Charlotte, and HMS Nankin, eventually becoming the last known survivor of the Crimean War.

In 1623, English soldiers held a meeting with the Powhatan Confederacy at a site near today’s West Point, Virginia. With a supposed offer of peace, they invited roughly 200 Powhatan leaders to share wine. Unbeknownst to the Powhatans, the English had poisoned the drink, intending to weaken the confederacy under the leadership of the powerful chief Opechancanough.

In 1921, the Weimar Republic faced economic disaster as reparations from World War I strained its finances. To pay debts, the government began printing money, rapidly accelerating inflation.